QUESTION PATTERN, PASSIVE VOICE, DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Juwita Agustin Ratnadewi, 0906510956
QUESTION PATTERNS
1. Yes/ No and Information Question
Ø A yes/ no question: a question that may be answered by yes or no.
Ex: Question → Does he live in Chicago?
Answer → Yes, he does. Or No, he doesn’t.
Ø An information question: a question that asks for information by using a question words.
Ex: Question → Where does he live?
Answer → In Chicago.
PATTERN: QUESTION WORD + AUX VERB + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB
Example:
| a. She lives there b. They live there c. He lived there | Does she live there? Where does she live? Do they live there? Where do they live? Did he live there? Where did he live? | If the verb is in the Simple Present use:1. Do (I, You, We, They) 2. Does (He, She, It) 3. Did ( verb in simple past) |
| d. He is living there e. They have lived there f. Mary can you live there g. He will be living there | Is he living there? Where is he living? Have they lived there? Where have they lived? Can Mary live there? Where can Mary live? Will he be living there? Where will he be living? | If the verb has an aux, the same aux is used in the question. If the verb has more than one aux, only the first aux precedes the subject |
| h. John lives there i. Mary can come | Who ― ― lives there? Who can ― come? | If the question word is the subject, do not change the verb. Do not use do, does, or did. |
| j. They are there k. Jim was there | Are they there? Where they are? Was Jim there? Where was jim? | Be in the simple present (am, is, are) and simple pas (was, were) precedes the subject when be is the main0 verb. |
2. Questin Word
We use question words to ask certain types of questions (question word questions). We often refer to them as WH words because they include the letters WH (for example WHy, HoW).
| Question Word | Function | Example |
| what | asking for information about something | What is your name? |
| asking for repetition or confirmation | What? I can't hear you. You did what? | |
| what...for | asking for a reason, asking why | What did you do that for? |
| when | asking about time | When did he leave? |
| where | asking in or at what place or position | Where do they live? |
| which | asking about choice | Which colour do you want? |
| who | asking what or which person or people (subject) | Who opened the door? |
| whom | asking what or which person or people (object) | Whom did you see? |
| whose | asking about ownership | Whose are these keys? Whose turn is it? |
| why | asking for reason, asking what...for | Why do you say that? |
| why don't | making a suggestion | Why don't I help you? |
| how | asking about manner | How does this work? |
| asking about condition or quality | How was your exam? | |
| how + adj/adv | asking about extent or degree | see examples below |
| how far | distance | How far is Pattaya from Bangkok? |
| how long | length (time or space) | How long will it take? |
| how many | quantity (countable) | How many cars are there? |
| how much | quantity (uncountable) | How much money do you have? |
| how old | age | How old are you? |
| how come (informal) | asking for reason, asking why | How come I can't see her? |
3. Negative Question
| a. Doesn’t she live in the dormitory? b. Does she not live in the dormitory? | In a yes/ no question in which the verb is negative, usually a contraction (e.g., does + not = doesn’t) is used , as in (a). Example, (b) is very formal and is usually not used in everyday speech. Negative question are used to indicate the speaker’s idea or attitude. |
4. Tag Question
A tag question is a question added at the end of a sentence. Speakers use a tag question chiefly to make sure their information is correct or to seek agreement.
a) Pattern
Ø AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE + NEGATIVE TAG → AFFIRMATIVE ANSWER EXPECTED
Marry is here, isn’t she? Yes, she is.
You like tea, don’t you? Yes, I do.
They have left, haven’t they? Yes, they have.
Ø NEGATIVE SENTENCE + AFFIRMATIVE TAG → NEGATIVE ANSWER EXPECTED
Marry isn’t here, is she? No, she isn’t.
You don’t like tea, do you? No, I don’t.
They haven’t left, have they? No, they haven’t.
| a. Jack can come, can’t he? | |
| b. Fred can’t come, can he? | |
| c. This/ That is your book, isn’t it? These/ Those are yours, aren’t they? | The tag pronoun for this/ that = it The tag pronoun for these/ those = they |
| d. There is a meeting tonight, isn’t there? | In sentence with there + be, there is used in the tag. |
| e. Everything is okay, isn’t it? f. Everyone took in the test, didn’t they? | Personal pronouns are used to refer to indefinite pronouns. They is usually used in a tag to refer to everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, nobody. |
| g. Nothing is wrong, is it? h. Nobody called on the phone, did they? i. You’ve never been there, have you? | Sentences with negative words take affirmative tags. |
| j. I am supposed to be here, am I not? k. I am supposed to be here, aren’t I? | In (j): am I not? Is formal in English In (k): aren’t I? is common in spoken English |
PASSIVE VOICE
1. Use of Passive
Ø Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen. In the example, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Ø Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows. Example: A mistake was made. In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).
2. Form of Passive
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
Ø the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
Ø the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
Ø the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Excemples of Passive:
| Tense | Subject | Verb | Object | |
| Simple Present | Active: | Rita | writes | a letter |
| Passive: | A letter | is written | by Rita | |
| Simple Past | Active: | Rita | wrote | a letter |
| Passive: | A letter | was written | by Rita | |
| Present Perfect | Active: | Rita | has written | a letter |
| Passive: | A letter | has been written | by Rita | |
| Future Tense | Active: | Rita | wiil write | a letter |
| Passive: | A letter | will be written | by Rita | |
| Modal | Active: | Rita | can write | a letter |
| Passive: | A letter | can be written | by Rita | |
| Present Progressive | Active: | Rita | is writing | a letter |
| Passive: | A letter | is being written | by Rita | |
| Past Progressive | Active: | Rita | was writing | a letter |
| Passive: | A letter | was being written | by Rita | |
| Past Perfect | Active: | Rita | had written | a letter |
| Passive: | A letter | had been written | by Rita | |
| Future II | Active: | Rita | will have written | a letter |
| Passive: | A letter | will have been written | by Rita | |
| Conditional I | Active: | Rita | would write | a letter |
| Passive: | A letter | would be written | by Rita | |
| Conditional II | Active: | Rita | would have written | a letter |
| Passive: | A letter | would have been written | by Rita | |
3. Passive Sentences with Two Objects
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
| | Subject | Verb | Object 1 | Object 2 |
| Active: | Rita | wrote | a letter | to me |
| Passive: | A letter | was written | to me | by Rita |
| Passive: | I | was written | a letter | by Rita |
Direct and Indirect
When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.
Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech | |
| simple present He said, “I go to school every day.” | simple past He said (that) he went to school every day. | |
| simple past He said, “I went to school every day.” | past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day. | |
| present perfect He said, “I have gone to school every day.” | past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day. | |
| present progressive He said, “I am going to school every day.” | past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day. | |
| past progressive He said, “I was going to school every day.” | perfect progressive He said (that) he had been going to school every day, | |
| future (will) He said, “I will go to school every day.” | would + verb name He said (that) he would go to school every day. | |
| future (going to) He said, “I am going to school every day.” | present progressive He said (that) he is going to school every day. | |
| | past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day | |
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech | |
| auxiliary + verb name He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?” | simple past He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school. | |
| imperative He said, “Go to school every day.” | infinitive He said to go to school every day. |
*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions.
The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below.
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech | |
| simple present + simple present He says, “I go to school every day.” | simple present + simple present He says (that) he goes to school every day. | |
| present perfect + simple present He has said, “I go to school every day.” | present perfect + simple present He has said (that) he goes to school every day. | |
| past progressive + simple past He was saying, “I went to school every day.” | past progressive + simple past He was saying (that) he went to school every day. | |
| | past progressive + past perfect He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day. | |
| future + simple present He will say, “I go to school every day.” | future + simple present He will say (that) he goes to school every day. |
Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech | |
| can He said, “I can go to school every day.” | could He said (that) he could go to school every day. | |
| may He said, “I may go to school every day.” | might He said (that) he might go to school every day. | |
| might He said, “I might go to school every day.” | | |
| must He said, “I must go to school every day.” | had to He said (that) he had to go to school every day. | |
| have to He said, “I have to go to school every day.” | | |
| should He said, “I should go to school every day.” | should He said (that) he should go to school every day. | |
| ought to He said, “I ought to go to school every day.” | ought to He said (that) he ought to go to school every day. |
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Azar, B.S. (1989). Understanding English grammar. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
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